FIFTY YEARS OF PSYCHEDELICS, AND MORE

For the serious-minded they are now entheogens; over a hundred years ago in the quasi-scientifically curious Western world there was nitrous oxide and opium, followed by mescaline and sacramental mushrooms in early C20. The bomb really dropped 75 years ago with Albert Hoffman synthesizing LSD, since when new variations on a theme keep evolving. In the present day questers can choose from a smorgasbord including ecstasy MDMA, STP and so on, so called ‘party’ drugs. The term entheogen is now used to refer to any psychoactive substances when used more intellectually and deliberately for their religious or spiritual effects, and the question arises as to how do these new generations of users behave? Are they using lesser potencies or small doses so not triggering full blown visionary trips? Are the ‘ravers’ and ‘loved up’ integrating the rich experience of their chemically triggered excursions into their normal lives, and how?

Our experimental sixties generation had heavyweight intellectuals interceding to contextualise and assist our understanding of our novel and quite shattering consciousness-changing ‘trips’. Writers like Aldous Huxley with ‘Doors of Perception’, psychologists like Dr Timothy Leary, later more of a guru, and Doctor of Divinity Alan Watts in whose ‘The Joyous Cosmology’ (Vintage Books, 1965) we are told:

“The reaction of most cultured people to the idea of gaining any deep psychological or philosophical insight through a drug is that it is much too simple, too artificial, and even too banal to be seriously considered. A wisdom which can be ‘turned on’ like the switch of a lamp seems to insult human dignity, and degrade us to chemical automata”.

Watts is not deterred by this prejudice from making his case that ingesting psychedelics cautiously or interrogatively, as one approaches a holy sacrament, does provide “a glimpse of genuine mystical insight, but a glimpse which can be matured and deepened..”

 However “drugs of this kind are in no sense bottled and predigested wisdom”. 

It is unsurprising that with his highly developed and practiced knowledge of Eastern religions and practices, especially Zen Buddhism, that Watts sees psychedelics as providing the ‘raw materials of wisdom’ but needing integration by the ‘various ways of meditation in which drugs are no longer necessary or useful. When you get the message, hang up the phone” as he pithily puts it.  Are modern users hanging up the phone and digesting the consciousness-changing lessons?  Do they, like his friend Aldous Huxley, recognise their special utility for visionary revelations, changed consciousness, enhanced awareness and possible permanent insights?

Dr Albert Hofmann discovered and synthesised LSD 25 isolating it as an active ingredient from the raw plant materials like mushrooms, rye ergot and so on previously utilised throughout human history for divinatory and mystical purposes, and the application of what was learned.  He developed with R Gordon Wasson and others the thesis that the lessons such catalysts of consciousness changing enabled go back to the ancient Greeks and the Elusinian mysteries. This makes them both very central to the development of our western civilisation out of classical times and relevant for personal development in our individual lives.

Watts hesitated before writing and publishing his accounts speculating whether he was “profaning the mysteries and casting pearls before swine” finally deciding “to encourage a positive, above-board, fearless and intelligent approach to what are now known as psychedelic chemicals”.

Watts is highly disparaging of the official classification of what were then new drugs as ‘hallucinogens’, “an astonishingly inaccurate term, since they cause one neither to hear voices nor to see visions such as might be confused with physical reality”. For him, while acknowledging complex patterns before closed eyes “their general effect is to sharpen the senses to a supernormal degree of awareness”.

He would doubtless be equally condemnatory of the mass abuse and exploitation of a wonderful tool for knowledge and inner exploration being a mere adjunct to enjoyment of a disco rave up. Are psychedelic agents now just an indulgence? Are they no more than a wild temporary dancing intoxication without meaning or depth?

Hofmann was definitely critical of the uses and users of his ‘Problem Child’ LSD and the drug-wave which broke out in the 1960s starting in the USA. LSD rose to become the number one drug, not simply because of its effects alone which could vary, but because it was not illegal. As the drug of choice of hippies and flower children it came to be massively used and often incautiously ‘without consideration of the uncommonly profound effect it can have on consciousness’.

For Hofmann far away in peaceful Switzerland he saw (from Hofmann’s Elixir p65-6)

“ The Psychedelic Revolution threatened to become a national catastrophe in the USA, all the more so as the use of this drug was connected with a pacifistic, anti-Establishment movement. It went so far that in 1967 the US Health authorities decided on complete prohibition an example soon followed in other countries around the world”.

Many of us at that time would consider it was not health reasons as there never were any deaths, even from huge overdoses. A collision between militaristic and materialistic authorities and the anti-materialist, anti-war ‘love-generation’ went only one way with brutal repression of a new way of being formed out of expanded consciousness. Hofmann does admit this by then saying:

“The pharmacological and psychological effects, and the toxicological properties of the ‘phantastica’ themselves could not justify such draconian prohibition. It can only be explained by fear of the consciousness-altering effects which extensive use of these drugs might have on society.”

For powerful effects this new shared mind-changing was indeed creating, ancient wisdom could have predicted this if anyone was noticing. Psychedelic triggers or Shamanic entheogens, were formerly considered divine food, according to Carl Ruck and Danny Staples and others in the Journal of Psychedelic Drugs. From Greek mythology we learn it was not something to be indulged in or sampled lightly, not something to be profaned. It was the food of the gods, their ambrosia, and it mediated between the two realms. It is said that Tantalus‘s crime was inviting commoners to share his ambrosia, and his punishment or fate was to be cursed with eternal deprivation of nourishment which was ‘tantalisingly’ close at hand.

Perhaps it is legitimate to assume that like myself and our generation, (I can hear ‘The Who’ bashing out ‘My Generation’in my ears as I write this) the need for understanding and indeed wisdom comes to us as part of ‘the aging experience’. Now that sounds like a wrinklies theme park! So this new and different way of being was disallowed, prohibited by fiat, even its therapeutic and careful clinical applications were stopped despite its proven beneficial properties and great promise.

As an aside at this time it is worth noting how Hofmann records that Aldous Huxley’s

“fervent mission on behalf of the psychedelic drugs came to be resented, even by the majority of his friends and readers. Some say it cost him the Nobel Prize.”

And today?

What has undoubtedly changed in fifty years of psychedelics is the shrinking of the geographical world. Affordable mass transportation has reduced the divide between the so-called ‘primitive’ cultures of third world undeveloped (read ‘Westernised’) society and Europe, the USA and others. So even ordinary individuals with curiosity and enterprise now visit and sample for themselves the esoteric otherness of alternative systems of belief and their application in psychology , medicine, visionary exploration or whatever. Mark Flaherty has recently written his personal odyssey of searching for relief from his desperate, maddening, physical skin condition. Very new and not yet widely circulated it is worth reprinting here the summary from Psychedelic Press:

“Originally published in 2012 ‘Shedding the Layers: How Ayahuasca Saved More than My Skin’ by Mark Flaherty is an autobiographical account of the author’s efforts to cure himself of severe eczema by undergoing a series of ayahuasca sessions in Peru.

Mark Flaherty suffered a severe case of eczema, which affected large areas of his skin and Western science failed to bring the condition under control. This resulted in a great deal of pain, the erosion of his self-esteem and disenchantment with life. “While my body cracks and weeps, my mind swells with fear, anger and sadness. I hate my body, and I hate my life with a violence that frightens me” (Flaherty 2012, 50). In a narrative that jumps back and forth between Peru and England, and slides between different stages of Flaherty’s life, the book brings to life a slow journey of self-realisation with the hallucinogenic, South American brew, ayahuasca.

From the very beginning of the book, when Flaherty is listening to a shaman named Hamilton recount his own spiritual story, there is an emphasis on two poles; restriction and release. “The shaman told him that he had two options: forget anything ever happened and go back to his old life, or give himself over and find out what it all meant” (Flaherty 2012, 16). The arc of the book follows a movement from restriction, in his outlook and habits, to the release allowed by love and happiness. As Hamilton tells the initially sceptical Flaherty: “You have a very narrow view of reality” (Flaherty 2012, 20). This restricted reality is prized apart by the exoticism of Peru and the Other world of ayahuasca, in preparation for a release and a new way-of-being in England.

A number of elements, or layers, are drawn out that represent the restrictions that had come to define Flaherty as physically ailed and unconfident. For instance, one root of restriction is placed in an LSD trip he had taken in Zambia in which he had stepped on a bewitched trinket. Ever since, he had purportedly harboured a spirit of ill-will and ayahuasca not only demonstrated this occurrence but led to a way of freeing himself from its yoke. However, more often than not after realisations, Flaherty’s eczema would return with a vengeance. As the story progresses, the layers are textually released through their identification, realisation and integration. On a diet of sanango, the snake becomes an ideal metaphor for shedding:

Alberto tells me that the sanango will cause my skin to peel. In snake-like fashion, I shed my entire body, from scalp to toes. Whereas the snake emerges reborn with a bright new layer, my skin continues to peel, again and again, becoming more tender and raw. It’s as though my entire self is being stripped away, leaving nothing but an exposed, hateful core (Flaherty 2012, 77)

Today, there is a sense of growing movement in the spread of ayahuasca; long tendrils increasingly reaching out and touching Western society in a myriad of shamanic and syncretic forms. This is patterned within the narrative. For instance, an article written by a former guest with Hamilton at Blue Morpho, who was cured, in five sessions, of acute depression and suicidal ideation, is mentioned within the narrative. There are the globe-trotting Western ayahuasca participants. And, moreover, Flaherty’s repeated flights between South America and England makes the world feel all the more smaller and accessible. One has the sense, when reading Shedding the Layers, that a powerful plant is not so far away on our doorstep; restricted, yet awaiting full release.”

In a personal communication with the author I expressed my view.

2 Responses to “Literary Review: ‘Shedding the Layers’ by Mark Flaherty”

A traditional difficulty with all psychedelic, in this case shamanistic, experience is integrating it into a ‘western’ rational quasi-scientific world view.
What is too easily dismissed is personal experience, even a cure, regarded as ‘merely anecdotal ‘
evidence.
There is no ‘merely’ about it if you are the actual person, or even a close witness, it is real, factual, solid, true.

Cheers
Mark

Since my windows of perception were cleansed, if not blown completely out many years ago, it has been natural to keep an open mind to other’s unusual and occasionally outlandish experience. But this does not mean dispensing altogether with one’s critical faculties, there is an awful lot of bullshit out there. A later chapter examines how to approach judging the distinctions between Science and Belief and the place of personal experience in serious inquiry.

But here and now, concerning Flaherty’s ‘magical’ cure, if we turn to chemist and LSD discoverer Albert Hofmann writing on ‘Science and the Mystico-Religous Experience of The World’ he quotes Max Planck the German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory, which won him the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1918.^[2]

“The source of all knowledge and thus the origin of all science lies in personal experiences. These are the directly given, the most real that one can think and the foothold for commencing the trains of thought which constitute science”.

Returning to the shrinking of the geographical world and our new proximity to this ancient wisdom, there is the terrible danger that rather than valuing and incorporating it into our scientific systems it will go the way of so much else and be crushed out of existence by our domineering imperialist attitudes devastating local cultures and beliefs. There is great concern evinced by some like Pankaj Mishra that neo-imperialists are returning to rule the roost, denying the ravages of western imperialism.

“Embracing such fantasies of “full-spectrum dominance”, American and European policymakers failed to ask themselves a simple question: whether, as Jonathan Schell put it, “the people of the world, having overthrown the territorial empires, are ready to bend the knee to an American overlord in the 21st”? After two unwinnable wars and horribly botched nation-building efforts, and many unconscionable human losses (between 600,000 and one million in Iraq alone), the “neo-imperialists” offering seductive fantasies of the west’s potency look as reliable as the peddlers of fake Viagra. Yet, armour-plated against actuality by think tanks, academic sinecures and TV gigs, they continue to find eager customers. Of course, as the historian Richard Drayton points out, the writing of British imperial history, has long been a “patriotic enterprise”. Wishing to “celebrate” empire, Michael Gove plans to entrust the task of rewriting the history syllabus to Niall Ferguson, one of the “neo-imperialist” cheerleaders of the assault on Iraq, who now craves “creative destruction” in Iran and whose “skilful revision of history” the Guardian’s Jeevan Vasagar asserted last month, “will reverberate for years to come”.

Clearly, it would help if no Asian or African voices interrupt this intellectual and moral onanism. Astonishing as it may seem, there is next to nothing in the new revisionist histories of empire, or even the insidious accounts of India and China catching up with the west, about how writers, thinkers and activists in one Asian country after another attested to the ravages of western imperialism in Asia: the immiseration of peasants and artisans, the collapse of living standards and the devastation of local cultures. We learn even less about how these early Asian leaders diagnosed from their special perspective the political and economic ideals of Europe and America, and accordingly defined their own tasks of self-strengthening.”

What hope for the continuance of native ceremonial and beliefs if intolerance and extinction looms? Somehow among the curanderos of Mexican origins their practices have survived imperial conquest thus far and some serious western scientists are investigating their claims and abilities with relatively open minds as in A Visit to a Cuandero, which translates as healer or shaman by J. Dennis Mull, MD, MPH and Dorothy S. Mull, PhD.

Some faltering first steps are also being taken to expanding legal experimentation with LSD in the research sphere under pressure from researchers like Dr David Nutt, former ‘Drugs Czar’ for the UK government who says to the BBC  this year 2012

“We need to have a more scientific rational approach to drugs and vilifying drugs like psilocybin whilst at the same time actively promoting much more dangerous drugs like alcohol is totally stupid scientifically”

Perhaps we shall yet move a little closer to performing the wish in the dedication that Huxley inscribed in his gift of a book on the subject to Hofmann on 29 February 1962, so fifty years ago:

 “Essentially this is what must be developed: the art of giving out in love and intelligence what is taken from vision and the experience of self-transcendence and solidarity with the Universe…”

Confused by Symbols

For most people in this century Aldous Huxley was a utopian and dystopian writer and a dabbler in mescaline and later the newly available psychedelic consciousness-changer LSD. Author of that bible of intellectual understanding of drug induced visionary and mystical experience “Doors of Perception”.

He was more, a visionary in his own right, and perceptive analyser of man’s understanding of, and dealing with, reality itself.

Consistently and pervasively throughout Aldous Huxley’s work he describes how we are misled by our web of words, along with other symbols which purport to represent reality, the world ‘out there’. We allow ourselves to think and thus ‘see’ their ‘this or that’, ‘either/or’ ‘black and white’ as being the actuality. In fact words are social constructions, abstractions, creations, symbols which allow us to share perceptions and meanings but should not overpower and diminish our view. They have great practical everyday utility but they are ultimately flawed cultural representations of ‘what is out there’, so they also deceive.

“Human beings…naively believe that culture-hallowed words about things are as real as, or even realer than their perceptions of the things themselves, these outdated or intrinsically nonsensical notions do enormous harm.”

 This awareness of the gap between what is and what we ‘see’ through the ‘mesh’ of cultural conditioning leads him to constant references to our ‘misshapen culture’, as we are persuaded into misperceptions of what is, and what is possible and worthwhile.

Alexander T Shulgin points out in his introduction to ‘Moksha’ how Huxley repeatedly expresses themes of desperation and hope. The utopian hope in his fictional fantasy ‘Island’ is that:

 “a substance akin to psilocybin could be used to potentiate the non-verbal education of adolescents and to remind adults that the real world is very different from the misshapen universe they have created for themselves by means of their culture-conditioned prejudices”

 The despair is that this mismatch can even lead us disastrously to war if we blindly follow the persuasive arguments of a few Generals and others with immense concentrated power:

“the few powerful men in whose clutch (like Gulliver in the paw of the Brobdinagian monkey) mankind now impotently writhes, are themselves the victims of their society’s alienation from present reality”.

This is all “thanks to the pernicious nonsense drummed into every individual in the course of his acculturation”.

A little consideration of the meanings of highly politically charged concepts such as ‘freedom’, ‘communism’, ‘defence’, ‘threat’ ‘patriotism’ and so on reveals their distortive potentiality and dangerous ambiguity.

 He was of course writing at the height of the ‘Cold War’, at the time of the stand-off between President Kennedy and Kruschev over rockets inCuba, with nuclear Armageddon around every corner:

“History is the record, among other things of the fantastic and generally fiendish tricks played upon itself by culture-maddened humanity. And the hideous game goes on.” 

Updating this thesis to today, we easily see we are in the grip of a new ‘hideous game’ lead by bankers and ‘global financial markets’. This new ‘game’ is similarly flaunting a deceiving vocabulary in pursuit of misguided aims, “greed is good”, but with disastrous real-world consequences. The deceptive symbolic concepts are ‘money’, ‘interest/s’, ‘value’, ‘market discipline’, ‘confidence’, ‘currency’, ‘investment’ and of course ‘returns’.

Employing futurology, can we see how this ends? Some commentators judge we must now choose between surrendering to the power of ‘global markets’ and the money-men, capitulating, or true democracy, with money doing the bidding of the majority via elected governments. For instance Johnathan Freedland: 

“Democracy’s humbling has been most dramatically visible in Greece and Italy, where elected leaders have been pushed aside in favour of technocrats and fixers, elevated without so much as shaking a single voter’s hand. Their mission will include the surrender of much economic sovereignty, putting those decisions further out of the reach of their own citizens. What Greeks and Italians endure today, other eurozone nations might well face tomorrow as they are told to make similar sacrifices of autonomy to save their economic skin.” 

Freedland sees the ‘command’ undemocratic authoritarian regimes of Russia, China and Saudi Arabia as better placed to ‘turn on a dime’ and deal with market threats while sensitive market oriented democracies like the US and Europe must search for painstaking ‘consensus’. But to survive democracies must “reassert themselves, they might have to break from the rules now choking them, and insist that it is people, not markets, that are sovereign.”

That new powers were becoming revealed was apparent as a shock to President Bill Clinton as revealed to Bob Woodward says Freedland:

“That it is these men, not those we elect, who are all-powerful is not new: Bill Clinton discovered as much nearly two decades ago when, in a spitting rage, he shot back at advisers who warned he had to trim his economic plans: “You mean to tell me that the success of my program and my re-election hinges on the Federal Reserve and a bunch of fucking bond traders?“

Huxley’s truth that we allow ourselves to confuse symbol with reality stands apart from his visionary insights employing psychedelics. It does however encourage us to re-evaluate those too, and his prescient views on ecology and demography as he surely seems to be spot on with how easily we are subtly deceived into dangerous byways by misguided powerful men. And it is mostly men.

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